Why do companies hire programmers from the U.S. and Western Europe when they can hire programmers remotely from India, China, and the Philippines for a lower price?
既然企業(yè)可以從印度、中國和菲律賓以較低的工資招聘到程序員,為什么還要招聘來自美國和西歐的程序員呢?
Quora讀者的評論:
Filimon, studied at Technical University of Bucharest, Romania
There was a outsourcing trend to use Indians about five years ago. it is gone mainly for the following reasons:
1)The output was often poor, in house IT people had to correct errors and code provided by Indian companies.
2) Indian companies won bids by quoting very low prices, then they were unable to complete the work at the price stated, as costs were higher or they had no specialists to do the work. I was contacted once by an Indian IT company to work on their project in Switzerland. They offered me a pitiful day rate, then pestered me for a week to accept their offer. I had to block their number to get rid of them. Some colleagues had similar experiences with Indian IT companies. They win bids by quoting low prices then hunt for IT people to work on their projects for very poor wages/rates.
3) Eastern Europe especially Romania. Poland, Slovakia has even better programmers, all speaking good English and other European languages, and the time difference is maximum +2 hours from GMT. They are well trained, speak European languages (which Indians don’t, they only speak English), provide good value for money and live in the proximity, so they are a better option than Indians. Eastern Europe now is the main IT outsourcer of Western Europe.
大約五年前,出現(xiàn)了雇傭印度員工的外包潮。這種外包消失的主要原因如下:
1)工作成果經(jīng)常不理想,企業(yè)內(nèi)部IT人員必須修正印度外包公司的錯誤代碼。
2)印度公司以很低的報價中標(biāo),但因為成本較高或者缺少專業(yè)人員來負(fù)責(zé)工作,他們無法按規(guī)定的價格完成工作。有一次,一家印度IT公司聯(lián)系我,讓我參與他們在瑞士的項目。他們給我的報價很低,然后跟我糾纏了一星,讓我接受他們的報價。我不得不屏蔽掉他們的號碼來擺脫他們。一些同事也有過這樣跟印度IT公司打交道的經(jīng)歷。他們以低價中標(biāo),然后以極低的工資/收費標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尋找IT人員為他們的項目工作。
3)東歐,尤其是羅馬尼亞、波蘭、斯洛伐克有更好的程序員,他們都能說流利的英語和其他歐洲語言,時差最多只有兩小時。他們受過良好的訓(xùn)練,會說歐洲語言(印度人不會,他們只會說英語),物有所值,離得近,所以他們是比印度人更好的選擇。東歐現(xiàn)在是西歐的主要IT外包商。
譯文來源: 譯者:Joyceliu
Ryan Mattes, 20 years writing software
I work for a company that makes quite a lot of money cleaning up the messes from offshore development. Quite a lot of small, 3-person shop work too.
It’s not a matter of better or worse programmers, it’s a matter of better or worse processes, documentation, communication, understanding business requirements, and planning for the future as a partner. We don’t just take jobs for money, we take an interest in our clients, understand their culture, learn their business, understand what their pain points are, get to know their budget cycles, and work with them for the long term. Of course it costs more in the short term.
When we bid on a project and they say “this other small shop/outsourcer/my nephew says they can do it for half the cost in half the time” we say, “good luck!” and show them the door. They end up paying 3 or more times as much as we originally bid, and have an inferior product, because all they hired was a developer, and what they needed was a team that was willing to learn their business.
Better than half of those clients come back within a year and tell us they made a huge mistake and ask if we can help. Of course we can, but it often means throwing away their outsourced solution and starting again from “what does your company do?”
我在一家公司工作,我們公司通過解決海外開發(fā)的爛攤子賺了不少錢。其中還包括了很多3人小作坊。
這其實跟程序員的好壞沒關(guān)系,而是流程、文件、溝通、理解客戶的商業(yè)需求以及作為合作伙伴對未來進行規(guī)劃存在問題。我們不只是為了錢而工作,我們對客戶感興趣,理解他們的文化,了解他們的業(yè)務(wù),明白他們的痛點,了解他們的預(yù)算周期,并與他們長期合作。當(dāng)然,短期內(nèi)成本會更高。
當(dāng)我們投標(biāo)一個項目時,他們說“有一家小公司/外包商/我侄子說他們可以用一半的時間、以一半的成本完成這個項目”,我們只能說,“那就祝你們好運了!”他們最終付出的費用是我們最初報價的3倍甚至更多,而且他們的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量很差,因為他們只雇傭了一個開發(fā)人員,可他們需要的是一個愿意學(xué)習(xí)他們業(yè)務(wù)的團隊。
超過半數(shù)的客戶在一年內(nèi)回頭跟我們說,他們犯了一個巨大的錯誤,詢問我們是否可以幫忙。當(dāng)然可以,但這通常意味著放棄他們的外包解決方案,從“你的公司是做什么的?”重頭開始。
Remember, it takes more than just a good developer to turn business process into software. It takes architects, engineers, business analysts, programmers, art directors, and project managers, working together as a team, with the common goal of making that business and its customers happy.
Our hourly rate may be double or triple what small shops and offshore developers charge, but we get the right job done, the first time, on time, and on budget, and there’s a lot to be said for that. Offshore developers can never promise that, because when there’s trouble, I can show up at your office and walk you through it. I can spend evenings on site learning your back end systems. I can go have drinks with your IT guys and find out where the real bottlenecks are. I can sit with you in person with a whiteboard until I understand how your business operates, so that we both understand what the real requirements are. There is no replacement for a good, local developer.
記住,將業(yè)務(wù)流程轉(zhuǎn)化為軟件不僅僅需要一個好的開發(fā)人員。還需要架構(gòu)師、工程師、業(yè)務(wù)分析人員、程序員、藝術(shù)總監(jiān)和項目經(jīng)理,組成一個團隊一起工作,共同的目標(biāo)是滿足公司業(yè)務(wù)和客戶。
我們的時薪可能是小公司或海外開發(fā)人員的兩倍或三倍,但我們能一次搞定、準(zhǔn)時、按預(yù)算完美地完成工作。海外開發(fā)人員永遠(yuǎn)無法保證這一點,因為當(dāng)麻煩出現(xiàn)的時候,我可以去你們的辦公室?guī)湍銈兘鉀Q。我可以用幾個夜晚在你們公司現(xiàn)場熟悉你們的后端系統(tǒng)。我可以和你們的IT人員一起去喝酒,看看真正的瓶頸卡在哪里。我可以和你們坐在一起,拿著白板,直到我搞懂你的業(yè)務(wù)是如何運作的,這樣我們都能明白真正的需求是什么。優(yōu)秀的本地開發(fā)人員是無可替代的。
Branko Dimitrijevic
Let me offer a perspective of somebody “on the other side”…
I work for a small development team in Eastern Europe (Serbia) and I can honestly say that we don’t get work because we are cheaper (even though we are), but because we get things done.
We are very proactive in gathering requirements (a lot of GoToMeeting, Skype, draft specifications going through iterations etc.), our codebase is clean, reusable, well documented (in English), thoroughly unit-tested, thoroughly manual-tested by our QA team, and meant to last for years.
And more than one time, we have been in a situation to clean-up the mess made by other people, both “eastern” and “western”. It was not a matter of price, it was a matter of customers getting a usable system.
So, if you love programming, go for it! Ultimately, it won’t matter whether you are somewhat cheaper or not… what will matter is your ability to get things done!
讓我從另一個角度來看看……
我在東歐(塞爾維亞)的一個小型開發(fā)團隊工作,我可以誠實地說,我們獲得工作機會的原因并不是我們價格低(盡管我們確實是),而是因為我們完成了工作。
我們在收集需求方面非常積極(無數(shù)會翼通、Skype、反復(fù)易稿等),我們的基礎(chǔ)代碼干凈、可重復(fù)使用、文件記錄清晰(用英語寫就)、經(jīng)過徹底測試、質(zhì)量管控團隊會進行全面手工測試,并持續(xù)數(shù)年時間。
已經(jīng)不止一次了,我們接手解決其他人制造的混亂,無論這些人是“東方人”還是“西方人”。這不是價格的問題,而是客戶能否得到合用的系統(tǒng)的問題。
所以,如果你喜歡編程,那就放手去做吧!最后,你的收費是否便宜并不重要……重要的是你有沒有做事的能力!
Krystian Cybulski, Entrepreneur, web app developer since the prior century
Many companies do hire programmers remotely. Many don’t. There are many reasons. Here are ones that I’ve experienced personally, both from a contractor and corporate perspective.
timezone difference makes collaboration more difficult
if the tools and culture is not set up for remote work, working efficiently with remote workers will be difficult
cultural differences
許多公司確實雇用遠(yuǎn)程程序員。也有很多公司不這么做。原因有很多。以下是我的個人經(jīng)歷,分別從承包商和企業(yè)的角度來看。
時區(qū)差異使得協(xié)作更加困難
如果沒有為遠(yuǎn)程工作準(zhǔn)備好工具和文化,那么很難和遠(yuǎn)程工作人員高效配合。
文化差異
I’ll focus on the last one some more, as it is nuanced. A developer’s skills are only part of the story. Different developers work better in certain environments than others. I have found that working with people from other countries is more difficult as there are cultural differences. Sometimes, these are a big enough problem where they prevent good work. I’ve had a chance to work with people abroad who were excellent at what they did and also fit in culturally. Unfortunately, I’ve also had many instances where the developer may have been skilled, but culturally did not fit.
I will post some personal experiences of the difficulties I’ve had working with people from certain regions.
我會更關(guān)注最后一點,因為這很微妙。開發(fā)人員的技能一小部分。不同開發(fā)人員的工作表現(xiàn)在特定的環(huán)境中比其他人得更好。我發(fā)現(xiàn)和其他國家的人一起工作更困難,因為我們存在文化差異。有時,這是一個很大的問題,會妨礙良好的合作。我曾有機會與在海外工作的人共事,他們在工作中表現(xiàn)出色,也適應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)氐奈幕2恍业氖牵乙灿龅竭^許多這樣的情況:開發(fā)人員可能很熟練,但文化上不合適。
我把自己在與來自某些地區(qū)的人共事時遇到的困難寫出來。
Eastern Europe
I was born in Poland and have spent the majority of my life in the US. I am now living in Poland again, and am working remotely. I have had a chance to work with developers in Poland, Ukraine, and Russia. I’ve found that developers from Eastern Europe are great at writing software to specifications, but have difficulty thinking of solutions that will work well from the user’s perspective. In situations where specs are vague or non-existent, they have a difficult producing usable software. They can be stubborn and very rule-oriented. This can get in the way of developing good software.
東歐
我出生在波蘭,在美國度過了我生命中的大部分時間。我現(xiàn)在又回波蘭了,遠(yuǎn)程工作。我曾有機會與波蘭、烏克蘭和俄羅斯的開發(fā)人員合作。我發(fā)現(xiàn)來自東歐的開發(fā)人員非常擅長編寫符合規(guī)范的軟件,但是很難從用戶的角度出發(fā),給出很好的解決方案。在要求不清晰或缺失的情況下,他們很難開發(fā)出好用的軟件。他們可能很頑固,遵守規(guī)則。這可能也會妨礙好軟件的開發(fā)。
India
I found that Indian devs I’ve worked with abroad, when asked about something, the answer is always a “yes”, and almost never “no”, “maybe” or “I don’t know”. Most Indian developers I’ve worked with always promised a lot but often could not deliver. I’ve found that even when traveling in India and asking for directions, I will be told incorrect ones, but not once have I heard “I don’t know.” I’ve spoken to Indian colleagues in the US about it. They explained to me that it’s about saving face. They told me that what is said is just as important as how it is said, and that to them it is obvious when someone is saying “yes” but means “no” (or giving false directions to hide the fact they don’t know). While I respect other cultures, I find this behavior difficult and frustrating. It gets in the way of building good software, as a significant effort needs to be put on figuring out what the developer really means.
印度
我發(fā)現(xiàn),我在國外合作過的印度開發(fā)者被問到什么事時,總是回答“是的、好的”,幾乎從不說“不”、“可能”或“我不知道”。與我合作過的大多數(shù)印度開發(fā)公司總是承諾很多,但往往無法兌現(xiàn)。我發(fā)現(xiàn),即使在印度旅行和問路時,我也會被告知錯誤的方向,但我一次也沒有聽到“我不知道”。我和在美國的印度同事談過這件事。他們向我解釋說這是為了面子。他們告訴我,說什么和怎么說一樣重要,對他們來說,當(dāng)有人說“是的、好的”,但意思是“不”,他們是很清楚的。雖然我尊重其他文化,但我覺得讓我這么做很難,令人沮喪。這么做對開發(fā)出好的軟件有害無益,因為需要付出大量的努力才能弄清開發(fā)人員真正的意思是什么。
When hiring abroad, there are costs which are not easily captured in the hourly rate. When hiring for a remote position, I do not care where you are based. However, I do care that you will be a contributing member of a team and that you will fit culturally. I will continue to work with developers in different countries,good engineers are expensive, regardless of where they’re based.
在海外招聘時,有些成本是很難用小時工資計算的。招聘遠(yuǎn)程職位時,我不在乎你在哪里工作。但我關(guān)心你能不能成為團隊中能做出貢獻的一員,你能不能適應(yīng)文化。我會繼續(xù)與不同國家的開發(fā)人員合作,好的工程師可是很貴的,跟他們在哪兒沒關(guān)系。
Andrey Ryazanov, Product Manager in NYC FinTech
Let me take a stab at this from a Product Manager (presently FinTech) perspective.
As others have mentioned in previous posts, there is more to being a good developer than just speaking english and costing less. The most valuable things that I’ve found with the various teams that I’ve worked with (onshore and offshore) in the past, are the intangibles.
While it’s certainly possible to manage a remote development team, the fact of the matter is that you’re never going to get results that are quite as good as having one on-location with your stakeholders and product team.
讓我從產(chǎn)品經(jīng)理(目前是金融技術(shù))的角度試著回答一下。
正如其他人在之前的回帖中提到的,要成為一名優(yōu)秀的開發(fā)人員,不僅得會說英語或壓低成本。我在過去與不同團隊(國內(nèi)國外都有)的合作中發(fā)現(xiàn)的最有價值的東西是無形資產(chǎn)。
雖然管理一個遠(yuǎn)程開發(fā)團隊肯定是可行的,但事實是,你永遠(yuǎn)無法得到與你現(xiàn)場配合的產(chǎn)品團隊一樣好的結(jié)果。
While you’re working on very simple projects and systems, remote work is great – however at some point in a company’s lifecycle, those simple systems need to mature and then be maintained for the long haul. You can present people with all of the powerpoint decks, JIRA tickets and emails you want, but developers (at least senior developers) need to truly understand the company and its future direction in order to make good technical and architectural decisions for what teams are building.
如果你處理非常簡單的項目和系統(tǒng),遠(yuǎn)程工作很棒——但是在公司的某個時刻,這些簡單的系統(tǒng)需要成熟起來,長期維護。開發(fā)人員(至少是高級開發(fā)人員)需要真正了解公司及其未來的發(fā)展方向,以便為團隊構(gòu)建的內(nèi)容做出良好的技術(shù)和架構(gòu)決策。
That’s not to say that offshoring is a bad solution – it’s not. There are plenty of companies which don’t have the need for complex, easy-to-maintain or change systems for whom the concept of offshoring is perfect – or which are just starting out and can’t afford local talent. The last company that I worked at had great success (and some failures) building a custom (fairly basic) CRM system with an offshore team in India. Even my current company began its life with offshored software development talent. At the same time, there came a point in the company’s maturity where it could no longer to afford to cut corners on software development because any competitor which had a local dev team would outpace us in a matter of months.
我并不是說海外外包是糟糕的解決方案——并不是。對于許多不需要復(fù)雜軟件、易于維護或更改的系統(tǒng)的公司來說,海外外包的概念是完美的——或者這些公司剛剛起步,負(fù)擔(dān)不起本地開發(fā)人員的費用。我上一個雇主在印度有一個海外團隊,成功(也有過一些失敗)地構(gòu)建了一個定制(很基礎(chǔ)的)CRM系統(tǒng)。我現(xiàn)在的公司也是靠著海外軟件開發(fā)人才起步的。但是在公司的成熟期,就不能再在軟件開發(fā)上偷工減料了,因為任何擁有本地開發(fā)團隊的競爭對手都將在幾個月內(nèi)超越我們。
Justen Robertson, freelance full-stack developer at Toptal
There are plenty of situations where overseas programmers are a great fit, but here are a few things on the “con” list when making a decision to hire/contract overseas.
在很多情況下,海外程序員都是非常合適的人選,但在決定聘用/簽約海外程序員時,有以下幾點“缺點”。
timezone issues – when you’re working with tight deadlines or with a team that does a lot of constant, direct communication (e.g. in the planning phases of a project or in a small agile shop), sometimes the 6-12 hour loop between business hours on opposite sides of the world is too long to wait for feedback.
face time – some clients and managers just want face-to-face communication. Personally I’m comfortable communicating via email only, but other personality types need to see you and speak to you in person. Lack of real-time, in-person communication can cause a lot of friction and miscommunication with these folks.
cultural differences – building rapport among team members is more difficult the fewer points of reference they share. There are also some jobs where cultural awareness is important. Suppose you’re working on content that is culturally aligned (say, a local politician or country music star’s website) – it’s easier for someone with a different background to be oblivious to issues that are obvious to locals.
時區(qū)問題——當(dāng)你時間緊迫或團隊需要持續(xù)直接溝通時,為了等待答復(fù)反饋要等上6-12個小時的時差,就太漫長了。
面對面交流——有些客戶和經(jīng)理只喜歡面對面交流。就我個人而言,我喜歡只通過電子郵件交流,但有的人性格不一樣,就想見你,和你當(dāng)面交談。缺乏實時、面對面的交流會導(dǎo)致與這些人產(chǎn)生很多摩擦和誤解。
文化差異——團隊成員之間建立融洽關(guān)系的難度更大,因為他們的共同點比較少。對某些項目,文化意識也很重要。比如您要做的是跟文化相關(guān)的內(nèi)容——對于不同背景的人來說,更容易忽略對當(dāng)?shù)厝藖碚f顯而易見的問題。
On the darker side of things, there’s rank racism and nationalism, but people who hold those kinds of beliefs aren’t the type of people I like to work for.
On a personal note, I have had very positive experiences working with developers from other countries, including India, Israel, Brazil, Germany, the UK, and Australia, just off the top of my head.
說得更負(fù)面一些,還有種族主義和民族主義的問題,但我不喜歡為秉持這種信仰的人工作。
就我個人而言,我與來自其他國家的開發(fā)人員合作過,比如印度、以色列、巴西、德國、英國和澳大利亞等,都還挺不錯的。
Jillian Tayeh, Tech Recruiter at Condé Nast
Many companies will begin by outsourcing or using freelancers because it can save some time initially – you have a whole team “boxed” and ready to go. It is also incredibly hard and time consuming to build a great internal team so if something needs to get done immediately, freelance or overseas teams may be the only viable option. Over time, however, having an in house team becomes preferable for a number of reasons:
許多公司會從外包或雇傭自由職業(yè)者開始,因為這可以節(jié)省一些時間——你有一個完整的團隊“框”和準(zhǔn)備去。建立一個優(yōu)秀的內(nèi)部團隊是非常困難和耗時的,因此如果需要立即完成某些工作,自由職業(yè)者或海外團隊可能是唯一可行的選擇。然而,隨著時間的推移,擁有一個內(nèi)部團隊變得越來越可取,原因如下:
everyone is working in the same/similar time zone which can ease communication
it’s easier to make quick decisions about products and execute when you can address a whole team or a few individuals in person rather than having to set up a google hangout or skype with your overseas team
you know that the team you hire is 100% focused on your company versus freelancers that may have their time split between several clients
you can create an internal culture that allows for engineers and designers to think creatively about the business problems and be more involved in the day to day updates about the direction of the company and company goals
longer term projects may exceed the amount of time a contractor can commit to
每個人都在相同/相近的時區(qū)工作,方便溝通
當(dāng)你可以與整個團隊或幾個人面對面交流時,就更容易快速做出產(chǎn)品決策并執(zhí)行下去,不必與海外團隊skype連線。
你雇傭的團隊會100%專注于你的公司,而自由職業(yè)者的時間可能要分配給幾個客戶
您可以創(chuàng)建企業(yè)內(nèi)部文化,允許工程師和設(shè)計師創(chuàng)造性地思考業(yè)務(wù)問題,并更多地參與到公司經(jīng)營方向和公司目標(biāo)的調(diào)整中
時間周期較長的項目可能會超過承包人允諾服務(wù)的時間
八年級上冊英語單詞用法總結(jié)
Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation?
重點單詞與短語
① few 考點:通常置于可數(shù)名詞前,表示否定含義;與a連用時,表示肯定含義。★few修飾可數(shù)名詞,反義詞為many;little修飾不可數(shù)名詞,反義詞為much。a little+不可數(shù)名詞,一點點.....;表示肯定 little+不可數(shù)名詞,幾乎沒有...,表否定 a few+可數(shù)名詞,一點點...,表肯定 few+可數(shù)名詞,幾乎沒有...,表否定 a few>few 搭配:a few少數(shù)幾個;一些 quite a few相當(dāng)多;不少 not a few許多的;不少的 only a few只有幾個
②most 考點:可用于部分雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)詞前,構(gòu)成最高級。常用在"one of the most+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)"的結(jié)構(gòu)中,意為"……是最……之一"。 搭配:at (the)most最多,不超過 例句:The most important thing is to stay calm.最重要的是要保持冷靜。
③something 考點:(1)做主語時,謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。
(2)形容詞修飾復(fù)合不定代詞時,形容詞后置。
(3)可加動詞不定式,不定式作后置定語。
歸納:everything everyone everywhere anything anyone anywhere
something someone somewhere nothing none nowhere
注:every每一個 any任何一個,無論哪個 some某些,有些 no沒有,無
④myself【是第一人稱I 的反身代詞】
擴展: 反身代詞
第一人稱 第二人稱 第三人稱
單數(shù):myself yourself himself herself itself
復(fù)數(shù):ourselves yourselves themselves
第一二人稱:形中詞性物主代詞+self\selves第三人稱:賓格+ self\selves
搭配:by oneself獨自一人地 for oneself親自,獨自 enjoy oneself玩得愉快 help yourself請自便 of myself 我自己
例句:I am teaching myself computer. 我在自學(xué)計算機。
Take good card of yourself. 照顧好你自己。 The child drew this pictures himself.這個孩子自己畫的這幅畫。 You should ask the children themselves.你應(yīng)該問一問孩子們自己。
⑤seem 考點:seem可用作連系動詞,表示說話人主觀的判斷或表示主語可能發(fā)生的情況。在"it seems/seemed as if……"句型中,從句的謂語動詞常用虛擬語氣來表示所設(shè)想的事情不可能發(fā)生。 搭配:it seems as if…… / it seems as though…看起來好像…… it seems that……似乎……;看起來…… seem like+名詞、動詞-ing 看起來像 例句:It seems as if he had read this novel.看來他好像看過這本小說。
⑥decide 搭配:decide to do sth. 決定做某事 decide on選定
例句:The children decide to clean their school yard this Friday afternoon. 孩子們決定這個星期五下午去打掃校園。
⑦try【tried】 搭配:try one's best竭盡所能 have a try試一試 try on 試穿 try out試用,試驗;參加選拔 try to do sth.盡力做某事 try doing sth. 試著做某事
⑧feel like(給…的感覺;感受到)考點:后接名詞、代詞或動詞-ing形式。
例句:I don't feel like a cup of tea.我不想喝茶。
名詞性短語
dislike搭配:show a dislike for…… 對……表示厭惡
⑨wonder 搭配:wonder at sth. 對某事驚服 wonder if/whether不知道是否
例句:I wonder who he is.我在想他是誰。
⑩difference 搭配:make a difference有影響,有重要作用 make no difference沒關(guān)系,沒影響 be different from…與……不同 the difference between… ……和……之間的不同 例句:Can you tell the differences between the two pictures?你能說出這兩幅圖有什么不同嗎?
【用法】英語中有的形容詞以-t 結(jié)尾,變成名詞時需要把-t變成-ce即可,常見的有:
?top【top山頂 tip指尖 反義詞:bottom 底部,底端】 搭配:on (the)top of在……上面;在……頂部 at the top of… 在……上端,在……最高處 from top to bottom從上到下;完全地 例句:The title is right at the top of the page.標(biāo)題就在頁面的頂端。 辨析: on (the)top of,at the top of
?below 辨析:below和under的區(qū)別:below指處于比某物低的位置,不一定在某物的正下方;它的反義詞是above。under有時可與below通用,但它指處于某物的正下方,其反義詞是over。
?wait 搭配:wait for等待,等候 waiting room候診室;候車室 wait on sb.等待某人 例句:He has to wait for five minutes.他必須等五分鐘。 Time and tide wait for no man.【諺語】歲月不等人。 【n.潮水,潮流】
?because of考點:because of是介詞短語,后接名詞、代詞或名詞短語等。
例句:Because of the storm he didn't go there.因為暴風(fēng)雨,他沒有去那里。
I can't come to your party,because I'm going to away this weekend.我沒法參加你的派對了,因為這周末我外出不在。
?enough(adj. &adv.) 考點:enough作形容詞,修飾名詞可放在被修飾的名詞之前或之后,但放在前面常見。enough作副詞,修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞時放在被修飾詞的后面。搭配: enough time足夠的時間 quite enough十分充足 例句:We have enough time to finish the work.我們有足夠的時間完成這件工作。He runs quickly enough.他跑得足夠快。 It's warm enough in the room.屋子里夠暖和了。 We have enough water.我們有足夠多的水。
?hungry 搭配:go hungry挨餓 be hungry for… 渴望……
例句:Mum,can I have something to eat now?I'm really hungry!
wet 搭配:all wet全濕了 wet all over濕透了 in the wet在雨中
?as(adv.& conj.) 搭配:as…as和……一樣 as if/ though仿佛,好像 as usual像平常一樣 as long as只要 例句:You're as tall as your father.你和你爸爸一樣高。
【用法】(1)as意為"像……一樣"時。其后面多接從句或者名詞短語,表示兩者間完全相識或同一的。
(2)as也可以用作介詞,其后面多接表示職業(yè)、職務(wù)、用途、作用之類的名詞。注意:like也用作介詞,但是側(cè)重比較,其后面多接名詞或代詞。
【一言辨異】I believed the young woman and did as she said because she looked like a teacher.我相信這個年輕女士,而且按照她說的那樣做了,因為她看起來像個老師。
?wonderful 搭配:it is wonderful to do… 做……真是太好了 wonderful time快樂時光 wonder v. 想知道;琢磨 wonder還可以用作名詞,表示"驚奇,奇跡"
?diary 搭配:keep a diary寫日記 a travel diary旅行日記
?umbrella 搭配:bring / carry an umbrella帶雨傘 close an umbrella收傘 open an umbrella撐開傘 under the umbrella of 在……的庇護下 hill 搭配:climb up a hill爬上山 do down a hill.下山 expensive 同義詞為dear,反義詞為cheap
必背句型【解析】
Did you do anything special last month?上個月你做了什么特別的事了嗎?(教材八上P2 2d)
考點:本句是一般過去時的一般疑問句。一般過去時的陳述句變一般疑問句時,加助動詞did并置于句首,原陳述句中的動詞過去式改為原形。其肯定回答為"Yes,主語+did";否定回答為"No,主語+didn't"。
中考真題【宜昌】: ---Hurry,Mike! The bus is coming.
---Wait a moment,please!Let me see if there's ____ left.
A. anything else B. something important C. nothing else D. any other things
答案:A ☆anything else意為"其他的東西"。anything是不定代詞,當(dāng)有形容詞修飾不定代詞時,形容詞要放在不定代詞的后面。
How did you like it?你認(rèn)為他什么樣?(教材八上P3 3a)
考點:此句與"What did you think of it?"之間的轉(zhuǎn)換考查率很高。
例句:What do you think of this book?=How do you like this book?你認(rèn)為這本書怎么樣?
nothing much to do…but read ? nothing much to do無事可做,to do是不定式作后置定語修飾nothing。? but read除了讀書。介詞but后面跟的是省略to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu),用在"there is……to do but"的句型。
★不定代詞
不指名代替任何特定名詞或形容詞的代詞,叫不定代詞。常見的不定代詞如下:
普通不定代詞:some,any,no,every等
數(shù)量不定代詞:many,much,little,a little,few,a few等
(1)some用于肯定句中,any用于否定句和疑問句中,但是:
★【注】在表示請求、邀請或征求意見的疑問句中,通常要用some,而不用any。如:Can I have some more rice?我可以再來點飯嗎?
Would you like some grapes?你想吃點葡萄嗎?
Why don't you bring some flowers?為什么不帶些花來呢?
(2)both,all,none
1. both表示"(兩者)都"如:Both jack and Mike are my good friend.杰克和邁克都是我的好朋友。 My grandparents are both teachers. 我爺爺奶奶都是老師。
2. all 表示"(三者或三者以上)都"如:All the students in Class One like English very much.一班的全體學(xué)生都喜歡英語。 All of the books are from Mrs. Brown. 所有的書都是布朗女士捐贈的。
3.none表示"(三者或三者以上)一個都沒有"。如:None of us can speak French. 我們中沒人會說法語。 I like none of these pictures.這些畫我都不喜歡。
(3)either,neither
1.either表示"兩者之中的任何一個"。如:You can choose either of the toy cars.兩輛自行車你可以任選一個。
2.neither表示"兩者都不"。如:Neither of them was in good heath,but both worked very hard.他們兩人的身體都不好,但都非常努力地工作。
【注】neither和both互為反義詞
(4)other,others,the other,the others,anther
1. other表示"另一個",其后面可接單數(shù)名詞,也可接名詞復(fù)數(shù)。如:
Put the candy in your other hand.把糖放在你的另一只手里去。
Do you have any other question?你還有別的問題嗎?
2.表示"兩者中的一個"用one;表示"另一個"則用the other。如:
There are two holes on the door. One is big,and the other is small. 門上面有兩個洞,一個大,一個小。
3.表示"很多中的一個"用one;表示"剩下的所有"用the others。如:
Jack is cleverer than the others in his class. 杰克比班上的其他同學(xué)都聰明。
【注】the others=the other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞。如:Jack is cleverer than the other students in his class.
4.anther指"另外一個",強調(diào)在剩下的所有里面再拿一個,表示單數(shù)概念。如:
I don't like this hat,please show me anther one. 我不喜歡這頂帽子,請給我看另一個。
5.表示"很多東西中拿出若干出來"用some;表示"剩下的所有"用others。如:
Some say yes,and others say no. 有人說對,有人說不對。
(5)every和each
☆each可做形容詞和代詞,every只能做形容詞。
each強調(diào)個體,every強調(diào)全體。every不可單獨使用,each則可以。
each可指兩個或兩個以上之中的每一個,every只可以指三個或三個以上之中的每一個
Unit 2 How often do you exercise?
①hardly 考點:hardly表示否定意義,因此它不和not搭配使用。hardly為否定副詞,通常置于any,anything,anyone,anybody,at all等詞之前。★雖然有些形容詞后接-ly,可變?yōu)楦痹~,但hard和hardly是兩個完全不相同的單詞。hard本身可作為形容詞和副詞。
頻度副詞(從小到大):never—hardly ever—sometimes—often—usually—always
例句:Lucy hardly studies,but her sister Lily studies hard.露西幾乎不學(xué)習(xí),但她妹妹莉莉?qū)W習(xí)很努力。
例題:--Did you go to cinema last night? --Oh,on. I____ go to the cinema. The tickets,you know, are too expensive. 答案:B
②ever考點:如果表示否定,應(yīng)用never。 搭配:hardly ever幾乎從不 for ever永遠(yuǎn) ever since從那時起 辨析: ever和once
once 搭配:all at once突然;同時 at once立刻 once upon a time從前
once again再一次 once in a while偶爾,時而 例句:The son wrote home once a week.兒子每周給家里寫一封信。 I was rich once.我曾經(jīng)很富。
twice搭配:once or twice一兩次,偶爾 time ★不可數(shù)名詞"時間"。 ★可數(shù)名詞"次數(shù);倍數(shù)" 【連接】次數(shù)的表達:★"一次"意為once,"兩次"為twice,"三次或三次以上"用"基數(shù)加times"來表示。★表示"一兩次"用once or twice來表示,"兩三次"則應(yīng)該表示為twice or three times。
④full 搭配:be full of (be full with)裝滿…… full name全名 例句:Reading makes a full man.讀書使人充實。
⑤maybe 辨析:maybe和may be
例句:He may be in the office.=Maybe he is in the office.他可能在辦公室。
★maybe 用來推測,意為"或許,大概",在句中作狀語,常位于句首。
may be是由情態(tài)動詞may和be動詞構(gòu)成的完整謂語形式,與主語構(gòu)成的系表結(jié)構(gòu),也是表示推測,意為"也許,可能是"。
⑥least 搭配:at(the) least至少;不少于;起碼 in the least一點,絲毫 least of all最不…… not least尤其是;特別是 例句:He is the best teacher even though he has the least experience.他盡管經(jīng)驗最少,但教的最好。
⑦result搭配:as result of…作為……的結(jié)果 without result毫無結(jié)果地as a result所以;由于;因此 result from產(chǎn)生于……;由……引起 例句:The result of the match is five to one.比賽結(jié)果是5:1。
⑧percent=per cent 考點:與數(shù)詞連用時,數(shù)詞應(yīng)位于percent之前。percent of后接名詞做主語時,of后面的名詞如果為不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)單數(shù)名詞,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式;若為可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式,則謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
搭配:one hundred percent 百分之百;不折不扣
例句:65 percent of children play computer games. 65%的孩子玩電腦游戲。
⑨although 考點:although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句不能與連詞but連用,但可以和and,yet,still等詞連用。例句:You can copy down my answers,although I am not sure they are right. 你可以抄下我的答案,但我不能確定是否正確。
【用法】1. although和though的意義相同,多數(shù)情況下可以互相使用。主語可以用yet或still,更加強調(diào)對比性。 2. 漢語的表達是用"雖然……但是……"結(jié)構(gòu),在英語中用though或者although就可以了,或者單獨使用but連接兩個并列句也可以,但在同一個句子中不能同時出現(xiàn)這兩個詞。
⑩through【以;憑借;穿過】 搭配:get through通過;接通(電話)go through經(jīng)歷,經(jīng)受 live through度過,經(jīng)受過 see through看透 例句:I got the news through my uncle. 我通過叔叔得到了這個消息。
圖解:
?such 考點:(1)不定冠詞a,an常放在such之后,但no,any,some,all,many等則置于such之前。(2)such常用于以下結(jié)構(gòu):"such +a/an+ adj.+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)";"such+ adj.+ 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)";"such+ adj.+不可數(shù)名詞";"such+ be +n."
搭配:and such 等等 such as例如;像……這樣 such…as to這樣……以至于
such…that如此……以至于 例句:He is such a kind man.他是如此和藹可親。
?die【dying】辨析:die of和die from
拓展:death n. 死亡 dead adj. 死的
? however 辨析:however和but
?than 搭配:more than【=over】多于 other than不同于,除了
no more than【=only】僅僅,不過 not more than不多于,不超過
例句:Today life is much better than before.現(xiàn)在生活比以前好多了。
中考真題【濟南】:Today is not as clever as Lucy,but he works___ than her.
A. hard B. harder C. hardest D. the hardest 答案:【B】
☆ than 常作為比較級的表志詞。
?almost 考點:一般置與實義動詞之前,系動詞、助動詞和情態(tài)動詞之后,不能置于句后。 搭配:almost not幾乎不 例句:Have you almost finished?你完成得差不多了嗎? 拓展:almost與nearly的區(qū)別:兩者意思很近,不過美國人習(xí)慣用almost。有時almost只是比nearly更接近一點。用法區(qū)別:almost可用于any以及no,none,nobody,nothing,never等否定詞之前,但nearly一般不這樣用。nearly前可以用very,pretty,not等詞修飾,但almost之前不能用這些詞。
?none 考點:none既可以指人,又能指物,一般單獨使用或與表示范圍的of連用,不能直接修飾名詞。【用法】 1. none意為"三者或三者以上都不",指代人或物,既可以指代復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,也可指代可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),可以與of連用;代替復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單、復(fù)數(shù)形式均可,常用來回答以how many / much提問的特殊疑問句。 2.none表示"三者或三者以上都不……",是全部否定的代詞。其對應(yīng)的表示肯定含義的代詞為all,如果表示部分否定,則用 all…not…或者not…all…。 搭配:none but只有,除了 none of【=no one】沒有 例句:There are many passer-by,but none helps him.有許多路人,但沒有一個人幫助他。 辨析:none, no one
?point 搭配: to the point切題,切中要害 on the pilot of…正要……之際
point out指出 point at指著
swing 搭配:swing along the street在街上閑逛 swing from right to left從左向右擺動
less 搭配:more or less或多或少 less and less越來越少
television 搭配:pay television收費有線電視 large-screen television大屏幕電視
online搭配:shop online網(wǎng)購 online shop網(wǎng)店
dentist擴展:dental adj. 牙科 specialist專家;專科醫(yī)生
?mind 搭配:keep in mind記在心上 make up one's mind拿定主意;下定決心
【用法】1. mind用作名詞,意為"想法"時為可數(shù)名詞,意為"頭腦;心智"時為不可數(shù)名詞。 2.mind也可以用作動詞,意為"介意",常構(gòu)成mind doing sth. 結(jié)構(gòu)。 3. "Do / would you mind if…"用來表示請求對方的許可,如果不介意別人做某事,答語要用否定形式;如果介意別人做某事,答語要用肯定形式。
4. "Do / would you mind…"通常用來表示請求他人做某事,常意為"可否請你做……"
必背句型【解析】
How often do you watch TV? 你多久看一次電視?【P10 1c】
考點:本句是由特殊疑問句詞組how often引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句。how often意為"多久一次",針對頻度副詞進行提問。其答語通常是always、usually、often、sometimes、 once/twice/ three times a day等
例句:How often do you see a film?你多久看一次電影?
---Once a month.每月一次
常見的頻度副詞的用法
always、usually、sometimes、often等詞在英語中被稱為"頻度副詞",是用來表示動作頻率的,但程度上有區(qū)別。
①always意為"一直;總是",相當(dāng)于all the time,表示動作或狀態(tài)從來沒有間斷過。例句:The sun always rises in the east and sets in the west. 太陽總是東升西落。
與進行時連用時,并不是強調(diào)動作正在進行,而是表示贊嘆、厭煩等情緒。
如:He is always thinking of others. 他總是想著別人。 (表示贊嘆) She is always asking silly. 她總是問這些愚蠢的問題。 (表示厭煩)
②usually意為"通常",即很少有例外。 例句:I usually ask my father for help.我通常會向我爸爸求助。
③often意為:"常常,經(jīng)常",不如usually那么頻繁。例句:It often rains here in
April. 這里四月份經(jīng)常下雨。
④sometimes意為"有時",表示動作偶爾發(fā)生。例句:I sometimes go for a walk
after lunch,but not always.我有時在午飯后去散步,但并非總是如此。
⑤hardy ever意為"幾乎不,幾乎沒有"例句:I don't like swimming,so I hardy ever go swimming. 我不喜歡游泳,所以我?guī)缀醪蝗ビ斡尽?/p>
⑥never意為"從來不,從來沒有"例句:You never tell me what you think of them.你從來不告訴我你對他們的看法。
典題:--____a week do you exercise? --Twice a week.
A. How often B. How many times C. How long D. How far
答案:A ☆ how often意為"多久一次",用來詢問在某一段時間內(nèi)進行某個動作的頻率。how many times 意為"多少次",用于詢問動作發(fā)生的次數(shù)。
Unit 3 I'm more outgoing than my sister.
重點單詞和短語
both 考點:"both…and…"意為"兩個都……",用來連接兩個并列成分;
作主語時,謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。both不可與as well as,equal,equally,
alike,together等詞并用,both僅用于兩者,涉及3者或3者以上用all。
②better 搭配:had better(not)to do sth. 最好(不)做某事 nothing better什么都比不過 have nothing better to do找不到更好的事去做
例句:He is better at math than I am.他數(shù)學(xué)比我好。
③competition 搭配:enter a competition參加比賽 win/lost a competition贏得/輸?shù)舯荣?be out of a competition退出比賽 fierce competition激烈的競爭
例句:Do you like singing competition?你喜歡歌唱比賽嗎?
④which 考點:which作疑問代詞,既可指人也可以指物,既可以指可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),也可指復(fù)數(shù),在句中作主語、賓語、定語。which作關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)限制性和非限制性定語從句,專指事物;在從句中可充當(dāng)主語、賓語,充當(dāng)賓語時,which可以省略。
⑤win【won】考點:win后接比賽、辯論、戰(zhàn)斗等。 搭配:win a race / win the match贏得比賽 win back贏回來 win a prize得獎 辨析:win,beat
例句:We beat them and won the game.我們打敗他們贏得了比賽。
I'm the winner.我是贏家
⑥though 考點:though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時,不能和連詞but連用,但可以和副詞yet或still連用。as though(=as if)是"好像;仿佛"之意,后面的從句常用虛擬語氣做副詞時,意為"不過,;可是;然而",通常位于句末,前面用逗號將句子隔開。做連詞時,意為"雖然;盡管",相當(dāng)于although。 例句:Our team lost. It was a good though. 我們隊輸了,可是這也不失為一場精彩的比賽。Jim said that he would come;he didn't,though.吉姆說他會來,可是他沒有來。 Though he has no money,he lives very happily.盡管他沒有錢,但是他過得很幸福。
talented 搭配:talent show達人秀 talent for music音樂才能
⑦care 搭配:care about關(guān)心;在意 take care小心;在意 take care of 照顧
care for喜歡,愿意 【拓展】care的派生詞:careless(粗心的) careful(細(xì)心的) carefully(小心地) 例句:You shouldn't care too much about your test score.你用不著太在意考試成績。
⑧l(xiāng)augh 辨析:
【拓展】laugh笑 smile微笑 weep哭泣 cry哭 例句:My friend all laughed at me,but I didn't care.我的朋友們都嘲笑我,但我不在乎。
⑨serious 考點:當(dāng)表示"對……很認(rèn)真"時通常和介詞about連用。
搭配:nothing serious沒有什么嚴(yán)重的 be serious about對…… 認(rèn)真 take it serious認(rèn)真對待這事 例句:I want to have a serious talk with you. 我想要和你認(rèn)真地談一談。
⑩as long as 考點:表示"只要"時,引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句,相當(dāng)于if。so long as可用于肯定句和否定句中,as long as只能用于肯定句中。
例句:As long as he did this,all would be well. 只要能做到這一點,他就可以萬事大吉了。
?necessary 考點:再句型"it's necessary that…"中,從句中使用虛擬語氣"should+動詞原形",should可以省略。也可以用于句型"It is necessary for sb. to do sth. /is necessary for sth. to do sth.中。例句:It is necessary for you to be more careful.你必須更加細(xì)心。
grade搭配:high grade高分,上等 make high grades考得好的成績
saying 搭配:as the saying is俗話說 golden saying金玉良言
?should考點:should在表示責(zé)任和義務(wù)、合適性和可能性時可以與ought to 互換使用。 例句:We should/ought to finish the work at once.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)馬上結(jié)束工作。
?reach 聯(lián)系:相當(dāng)于get to,arrive at/arrive in 例句:She fell down while reaching a vase from the top shelf.她從架子頂格拿花瓶時摔倒了。 He reach the final the 100m race. 他取得了100米賽跑的決賽權(quán)。I want to reach the box on the top shelf.我想夠架子上的盒子。
?heart 搭配:have one's heart in sth. 對某事感興趣 put one's heart into sth.用全部精力去做某事 lost heart喪失勇氣 from the bottom of one's heart從心底
touch 搭配:touch one's heart觸動某人的心靈 keep / stay in touch with sb. 與某人保持聯(lián)系 lose touch with… 與……失去聯(lián)系
?break【broke】搭配:break down(機器)壞了;(計劃、談判)失敗 break up分解;分裂 break into破門而入;打斷(談話)break into pieces破成碎片 break off打斷;折斷;突然停止 break away from…脫離…… break out(戰(zhàn)爭、火災(zāi)、疾病等)突然爆發(fā) 例句:Drivers shouldn't be allowed to drive after drinking,or they will break the law.駕駛員不允許酒后駕車,否則就會違反法律。
?share搭配:share the joys and hardships同甘共苦 例句:We share a room at university.我們在大學(xué)共住一個房間。
?similar【拓展:familiar熟悉的】 搭配:be similar in…在某方面很相似 be similar to與……相似的,類似的 例句:His face is similar to an apple.他的臉像一個蘋果。 primary搭配:primary school小學(xué) primary colors(紅、黃、藍)三原色
?information 搭配: a piece of information一則消息 ask for information on/about… 打聽關(guān)于……的消息 例句:They got much information on the Internet.他們在網(wǎng)上得到大量的信息。
必背句型【解析】
①Tina is taller than Tara.蒂娜比塔拉高。(P17 1c)
考點:這是一個含有比較級的句型,其中than是比較級的標(biāo)志詞。句中taller是tall的比較級形式。需要注意在比較句型中,比較的雙方必須是同類事物,即人與人比較,物與物比較。 考點:I always do better than her.我總是比她做得好。
②Are you as friendly as your sister?你跟你的姐姐一樣友好嗎?【P19 Grammar Focus】
考點:as…as…意為"和……一樣"是同級比較句型結(jié)構(gòu)。需要注意as…as結(jié)構(gòu)中的第一個as是副詞,在否定句中可以改為so;第二個as是連詞,不能用so代替。其否定結(jié)構(gòu)not so/ as…as意為"不如……"。★在肯定句中,"與……一樣……"只能用as…as;在否定句中,可用not as …as或not so…as兩種句型。
例句:This film is interesting as that one. 這部電影和那部電影一樣有趣。
形容詞、副詞的比較級
大多數(shù)形容詞和副詞有三個等級,分別是原級、比較級和最高級。比較級用于兩者之間的人或事物的比較,意為"更……"。
比較級的構(gòu)成
比較級規(guī)則變化規(guī)律
(2)常見的不規(guī)則變化的形容詞、副詞
many/much—more little—less bad/ badly/ ill—worse good/ well –better far—farther / further old—older / elder
二.比較級的用法
(1)比較級常用于兩者之間的比較,一般結(jié)構(gòu)為:主語+謂語+形容詞或副詞的比較級+than+其他。同時,在比較級前可以用much、rather、a little、a lot、still、even等表示程度的副詞修飾。如:This house is much bigger than that one. 這所房子比那所大太多了。 Lily is a little thinner than Lucy. 莉莉比露西瘦一點點。
中考真題【黃石】 I am good at math,but his English is____ than me.
A. much better B. more better C. very better D. pretty better 答案:【A】
(2)形容詞比較級+and+形容詞比較級,表示"越來越……"。如:It is getting cooler and cooler. 天氣越來越?jīng)鏊恕?The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 電腦越來越便宜了。
(3)the+(形容詞)比較級,the+(形容詞)比較級,表示"越……就越……"。如:The more, the better. 越多越好。 The more study,the more you know.你學(xué)的越多,知道的就越多。
(4)形容詞和副詞的原級可以用"as+形容詞或副詞的原級+as"結(jié)構(gòu)對兩者進行比較,表示"……和……一樣"其否定形式為"not as/so+形容詞或副詞的原級+as"表示"……不如/沒有……"。如:Lily is as old as Lucy.莉莉和露西(年齡)一樣大。 Tom is not clever as Jim. / Tom is so clever as Jim湯姆沒有吉姆聰明。
(5)"the+比較級+of the two(名詞)"表示"兩者中較……的"例句:Look at the boys. Ben is the taller of the two. 看那兩個男孩,本是兩人中較高的那個。
Liu Ying is good at singing. She sings____ the famous singer,CoCo.
A. as well as B. as good as C. as better as D. as the best as
【解析】由"as+形容詞/副詞的原級+as"的結(jié)構(gòu)可排除C、D;修飾動詞sings用副詞well,故選A。
One of two shirts,I'd like to choose the____ one to save some money for a cap.
A. cheapest B. cheaper C. more expensive D. most expensive
【解析】由of the two shirts可知用比較級,可排除A、D;再結(jié)合其后的"to save some money for a cap"可知,"我"為了省下一些錢買帽子,會買"比較便宜的"襯衫,所以選B, cheaper。空格前的the表示特指。
--We may move to another planet in the future with the population increasing.
--I think so. We will have no other choices if it gets a lot___.
A. larger B. many C. more D. bigger
【解析】空格前的it代指上一句中的population。修飾人口的"多",不用many,而用large或big。同時,人口的數(shù)量不斷在增加,應(yīng)是人口變得"更多",所以這里應(yīng)用比較級,故選D。
Unit 4 What's the best movie theater?
close 搭配:be close to…在……附近 close down關(guān)閉;停止播送 get close to
接近…… 例句:Susan sat on a chair close to the window.蘇珊坐在靠墻的一
把椅子上。Our birthdays are quite close together.我們生日很接近。
comfortable【拓展comfortably adv. 舒服地;舒適地:The car sit five people comfortably.那車能舒舒服服地坐五個人】搭配:be comfortable about滿足于 be comfortable with 對……感到愉快 seat 搭配:have a seat有座位 take one's seat就座 ticket 搭配:book a tick預(yù)訂票 one-way ticket(美)單程票 round-trip ticket(美)往返票 worst搭配:do one's worst使出最惡劣的手段
choose【chose】辨析:choose,pick,select
搭配:choose to do sth.情愿干某事 choose from…從……挑選;從……選擇
例句:She choose a T-shirt. 她最后選了一件T恤衫。
fresh搭配:fresh in the memory 記憶猶新的 fresh hard新手
③so far 考點:常和完成時態(tài)連用。 例句:I have had no reply from her so far.我至今沒有得到她的答復(fù)。
典題:So far, we ___English for nearly three years. A. learn B. learnt
C. have learnt D. had learnt 答案: C ★so far 常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。有時so far 不是一個固定短語,而只是用so來加強far的意思。
pretty 考點:pretty只能修飾原級。pretty,rather,quite,very作副詞表示
程度,它們從強到弱依次的順序為:very—rather/ pretty—quite。搭配:petty good很好 as petty as picture非常美麗,美麗如畫 例句:The game is pretty good.這個游戲相當(dāng)不錯。
act 搭配:act the hero裝出英雄氣概 act as 起……作用;扮演;充當(dāng) act for代理 act on起……作用
be up to 考點:常用于結(jié)構(gòu) It's up to sb. to do sth.中。
例句:--Shall we have read wine or white?我們喝紅酒還是白酒?
--It is up to you. 你看著辦吧。
⑥r(nóng)ole 搭配:play a role 發(fā)揮作用;有影響 play an important role in(doing)sth.在(做) 某事當(dāng)中發(fā)揮重要作用 例句:The role of a work is to communicate its message to the spectator. 一部作品的作用在于把它的消息傳達給觀眾。
Kate plays the role of a queen in the movie. 凱特在電影中扮演王后。
talent 搭配:have a talent for… 有……的天賦 【拓展talented有才藝的;有天賦的】 例句:It's always interesting to watch other people show their talents.觀看別人展示才藝總是很有趣的。
prize 考點:表示獲獎一般與動詞win,gain,get,take,receive等連用,若
表示某一方面的獎,常接介詞for。搭配:win a prize獲獎 first prize一等獎 prize money獎金 例句:We also get the prize for drawing. 我們也獲得了繪畫獎。 He won first prize at the speech contest. 他在演講比賽中獲得一等獎。
⑧everybody 考點:everybody用作主語時謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式;用于否定句表示部分否定。 例句:Not everybody can answer the question. 不是所有人都能回答這個問題。
⑨make up 考點:make up還可以意為"和解;縫制;化妝"等。 例句:He made up some excuse about his daughter being sick. 他編了個借口,說他的女兒生病了。
⑩example 考點:用來列舉某一論點或情況,一般指列舉同類人或事物中的一個,在句中作插入語,并且用逗號隔開,可用于句首、句中或句末。搭配:for example例如 set up example to… 給……樹立了一個榜樣
例句:I'd like to keep a pet,for example,a cat. 我想養(yǎng)個寵物,例如一只貓。
poor 搭配: be poor in… 在……方面貧乏 poor chance機會不大 例句:He has lost his job,poor man!他失業(yè)了,可伶的人!
?give【gave】提供;給;送給;贈與;支付 考點: give可以接兩個賓語,即直接賓語和間接賓語,也稱"雙賓語",其結(jié)構(gòu)為:give sb. sth. =give sth. to sb.意為"給某人某物"。搭配:give away分發(fā) give back歸還;送回 give in屈服,讓步 give off發(fā)出 give out分發(fā);耗盡 give up放棄 give way(to…)讓步;讓路(給…)
例句:May gave a cookie to Mike.梅給了麥克一塊餅干。(梅給了餅干,但麥克可能沒遲到餅干。) May gave Mike a cookie.梅給了麥克一塊餅干。(梅給了麥克餅干,且麥克吃到了餅干。)
seriously 搭配:take…seriously認(rèn)真對待 seriously ill病重
crowded搭配: be crowded with 擠滿……
必背句型【解析】
What's the best movie theater to go to?/ Which is the worst clothes store in town?
最好的電影院是哪一個? / 鎮(zhèn)上最差的服裝店是哪一個?
考點:(1)what提問時意為"什么",沒有范圍限制;也可以用which提問,意為"哪個;哪些",是在一定范圍內(nèi)進行詢問。
(2)這兩句都含有形容詞最高級,其中best是good的最高級,意為"最好的";worst是bad的最高級,意為"最差的"。需要注意形容詞最高級前必須要加the,而副詞最高級前的the可以省略。
形容詞、副詞的最高級
最高級的概念
最高級用于三者或三者以上的人或物的比較,表示人或物在某個范圍內(nèi)"最……"。如:Jack is one of the cleverest students in the class. 杰克是班里最聰明的學(xué)生之一。
最高級的構(gòu)成
(1)最高級規(guī)則變化的規(guī)律
(2)常見的不規(guī)則變化形容詞、副詞
good / well –best bad / ill / badly—worst far—farthest / furthest little-least many / much—most old—oldest / eldest
三.最高級的用法
(1)"the+形容詞/副詞最高級+表示比較范圍的短語或從句"意為"是……中最……的"。 例句:I like spring (the) best.我最喜歡春天。
(2)最高級常與介詞in或of引導(dǎo)的短語(說明比較范圍)連用。若介詞后的名詞或代詞與句中的主語是同一類人或物時,常用of短語;當(dāng)強調(diào)是在某一范圍、場所內(nèi)比較時,常用in短語。 例句:Who gets up the earliest of all in your dormitory? 你們宿舍誰起得最早? She is the oldest of these children.她是這些孩子中年齡最大的。 Lily is the youngest in her class.莉莉在她班里年齡最小。
中考真題(河北):David jumped____ in the long jump. He won the game!
A. longest B. farthest C. fastest D. highest 答案:B
(3)"on of the+最高級+復(fù)數(shù)名詞"表示"最……之一"。作主語時,謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。 例句:The river is one of the longest rivers in our country.這條河是我國最長的河流之一。
It is reported that the nod(點頭) is one of the ____ signals a person can send.
A. important B. more important C. most important D. much important 答案:C
(4)比較級用于否定句或與never,nothing等否定詞連用表示最高級含義。
例句:I've never had a more pleasant trip before. 我從前從未有過如此快樂的旅行。
(這是最快樂的一次旅行)
Unit 5 Do you want to watch a game show?
重點單詞和短語
①news 考點:news 是不可數(shù)名詞,"一條新聞"要說成"a piece of news"。
搭配:be in the news 報紙上有…… home news國內(nèi)新聞 foreign news國外新聞
典題: Let me tell you ____ news about cellphones. 答案:some
名詞
(1) 可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
(2)可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化
foot-feet mouse-mice tooth-teeth goose-geese man-men child-children ox-oxen louse -lice(虱子)
(3) 單復(fù)數(shù)同行的名詞
fish【一般情況下"fish"單復(fù)數(shù)同行,而特殊情況下"fish"的復(fù)數(shù)為"fishes" "fishes"意為—種魚】 sheep deer series【系列】 species【種類】
means【方式,辦法】
(4)"某國人"的復(fù)數(shù)形式
例: a Chinese—two Chinese兩個中國人 例:a Englishman—three Englishmen三個英國人 例:a German—five Germans五個德國人
【妙記】各國人的復(fù)數(shù)形式:中日不變英法變,其他-s跟后面。
(5)復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式
1. 復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時,通常只將其中的主體名詞變成復(fù)數(shù);如果沒有主體名詞,則將后面一部分變成復(fù)數(shù)。 例詞:looker-on—lookers on旁觀者 grown-up—grown-ups 成年人
2. 由man或woman構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時,前后兩個名詞都要變成復(fù)數(shù)形式。
例詞:a man teacher—two men teachers兩個男老師
(6)特殊的可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式
1.有些名詞經(jīng)常只能用復(fù)數(shù)形式,不能被具體的數(shù)詞修飾。若表達具體數(shù)目,要借助量詞pair(對,雙),suit(套)等。
例詞:glasses眼鏡—two pairs of glasses兩副眼鏡 news—a piece of news 一則新聞
2. 集體名詞以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),但表示復(fù)數(shù)意義。其前面不能用具體的數(shù)詞修飾,只能加the,表示全體。
例詞: the police 警察 the cattle牛 the people人們
1)也有些集體名詞被看做一個整體時,其謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)形式,但但要考慮構(gòu)成這個整體的各個成員時,其謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這類詞包括family、class、team、group等。如:My family is a large one.我家是個大家庭。 My family are watching TV now.我的家人正在看電視。
(2)不可數(shù)名詞【不可數(shù)名詞前不能加不定冠詞a / an,也沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式】
常見不可數(shù)名詞:
rice 大米 news新聞 bread面包 information信息 milk牛奶 beef牛肉 food食物 orange橙汁 work工作 fun樂趣 advice建議 homework家庭作業(yè)
trouble麻煩 time時間 weather天氣 furniture家具
【注】有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式有時候表示特殊的意義。goods貨物 waters水域 papers報紙 times時代
(3)不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量表達
不可數(shù)名詞在表達數(shù)量關(guān)系時,可借助表達數(shù)量單位的短語修飾。
例詞:a bottle of orange (juice)一瓶橙汁 five bags of rice 5袋大米
②mind 考點:mind表示"介意"時,后接名詞、代詞或動詞-ing形式。 例句:Do you mind my mind【n. 思想,想法】?你介意我的想法嗎?
stand【stood】 考點:stand意為"忍受"時,多用于疑問句和否定句中。
對應(yīng)詞:sit 搭配:stand by…和……站在一起;袖手旁觀 stand for代表;主張;支持 stand out引人注目,顯眼 stand up起立 stand (doing) sth. 忍受做某事 例句:I can't stand the sight of the blood. 一看見血我就難受。
④plan 考點:用作名詞時,是可數(shù)名詞,其后面通常接不定式或for短語;用作動詞,表示"打算做某事"時,其后可接不定式或"on+動名詞"。
搭配:carry out a plan 執(zhí)行計劃 make a plan for… 為……而制定計劃 plan sth.計劃某事 plan to do sth.計劃去做某事 plan for the future為將來做打算
例句:We made plans for the holidays. 我們?yōu)榧倨诙贫擞媱潯?/p>
⑤hope ★辨析:wish,hope
搭配:hope to do sth. 希望做某事 I hope so. 我希望如此。I hope not. 但愿不會
例句:I hope you will show them to me one day.我希望一天你能把它們展現(xiàn)給我看看。
⑥find out 指經(jīng)過調(diào)查、詢問研究后搞清楚、弄明白,后常跟賓語從句。
例句:Please find out when the plane leaves. 請調(diào)查清楚飛機什么時候起飛
辨析:find out, find和look for
⑦discussion 搭配:have a discussion about就……討論 under discussion在討論
例句:We had a discussion about buying a house. 我們在討論買房子的事情。
⑧happen 考點:happen是不及物動詞,在作"發(fā)生"解時可以指偶然的事故,也可指有計劃或無計劃發(fā)生的事。一般以事件、環(huán)境、形式等做主語,表示"某人發(fā)生某事"時,需以介詞to引出某人。 辨析:happen 和 take place
搭配:happen to… 發(fā)生在……身上 happen on / upon巧遇,偶然發(fā)現(xiàn) sth. happen to sb. 某人發(fā)生了某事 happen to do sth. 碰巧做某事 it is happen that… 碰巧,恰巧 例句:A car accident happened yesterday. 昨天發(fā)生了一起車禍。
⑨expect 搭配:expect sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事 expect to do sth. 想做某事
例句:People are living a much better life than we expected. 人們的生活比我們預(yù)想的要好很多。
joke 搭配:play a job on sb.和某人開玩笑 tell sb. a joke給某人講一個笑話
make a joke開玩笑
⑩famous ★考點:famous表示"(人)以某種知識、技能、作品或特征而出名。"而be famous as指以某種身份而出名 后接職位、名稱等詞,與be known as 同義。famous 的比較級、最高級是在其前加more,most。 well-known是famous的同義詞,但是well-known的比較級和最高級分別是better-known,best-known。
搭配:be famous as… 作為……而出名 be famous for… 因……而出名 例句:The London Underground is very famous. It's famous for several reasons.倫敦地鐵非常著名,它因多種原因而出名。
appear 【反義詞:disappear】辨析:appear,look,seem
?become (became) 考點:常指人的身心方面的變化,一般不用于"將來成為"的意思,表示"將來成為",只能用be。 例句:Maple leaves become red in autumn.秋天楓葉變紅了。
?rich 考點:"the+形容詞"表示一類人,作主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。搭配:be rich in…在……方面富有 the rich有錢人 例句:This is a rich present.這是一份貴重的禮物。
?successful 考點:指人時表示"出人頭地,飛黃騰達";指事物時表示"如愿以償?shù)? 搭配:be successful in(doing) sth. 做成功,順利完成某件事 【拓展】succeed v.成功:succeed in doing sth.成功做成某一件事 success n.成功
例句:Her uncle is a successful businessman.他叔叔是一位成功的企業(yè)家。
?might 【may的過去式】考點:沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化,與動詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語,might 表示可能性很小。might是對現(xiàn)在或者未來發(fā)生的可能性的推測,不確定性比may高。在表示請求許可時,用may/might均可,不過might的語氣更加委婉,再給予許可時可以用can/may,但是不能用might。搭配:might (just)as well最好還是……;還是……為好 例句:It might be rainy,cloudy or sunny. Who knows?可能會下雨、陰天或晴天,誰知道呢?
main搭配:in the main大體上,基本上 【拓展】mainly adv.大體上;主要地 mainland n.大陸
?reason 辨析:reason,cause和excuse
★reason指理由;excuse指借口。在名詞性從句中,reach不能和because連用。在定語從句中,先行詞為reach時,關(guān)系詞用why引導(dǎo),有時可以用that,在正式文體中可以省略。 搭配:beyond all reach毫無道理的(地) for reach of 因為……的原因 with reach有道理,合乎情理 reach sb. into/out of doing sth.說服某人做/不做某事 例句:Give me your reason for doing it.告訴我你做這件事的理由。
?common 辨析:common和usual
搭配:have nothing in common沒有共同之處 common sense常識 common people平民;大眾 in common共同 have……in common有共同特征;(興趣、想法等方面)相同
?lose(lost) 搭配:be lost in… 沉浸于……中,專心于…… lose one's way 迷路
lose one's job / work 失業(yè) lost weight減肥 例句:The tickets seen to have got lost.那些票好像弄丟了。 He loses his heart. 他喪失了自信心。
辨析:lost和miss
?ready 搭配:be / get ready to 準(zhǔn)備好(做某事);愿意(做某事) get sb. ready使(某人)準(zhǔn)備好 例句:I've got everything ready. 我已近把所有東西準(zhǔn)備好了。
?take sb.'s place 考點:相當(dāng)于take the place of。 例句:He takes my place.= He takes the place of me. 他取代了我。
總結(jié):電視電影節(jié)目的類型:talk show訪談節(jié)目 soap show肥皂劇 sports show體育節(jié)目 sitcom情景喜劇 game show游戲節(jié)目 news新聞 talent show才藝節(jié)目 comedy喜劇 cartoon卡通片 action movie動作片 scary movie恐怖片
動詞不定式的用法及省略
動詞不定式的基本構(gòu)成是"to+動詞原形"否定形式為"not to+動詞原形"to后接的動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。它保留著動詞的特點,可以有自己的賓語和狀語。動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的3大特征,在句中可以作主語、賓語、賓語補足語、表語和狀語。
一.動詞不定式的用法
(1)一些謂語動詞后常跟不定式作賓語,常見的這類詞是表示打算或希望的。
如:would like、want、wish、hope、decide、plan、expect等。
例句:I would like to see a film this evening.我今晚想去看電影。
(2)有些動詞后面的不定式要省去to。這樣的動詞可歸納為:一感(feel),二聽(hear, listen to),三讓(let,make,have), 四看(see, watch,look at,notice)。
當(dāng)它們用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)時,to必須保留(let除外)
例句:The teacher made them go out of the classroom.
--- They were made to go out of the classroom by the teacher.老師讓他們離開教室。
(3)如果作賓語的不定式有賓語補足語時,常用it作形式賓語,而真正的賓語后置。例句:I find it not easy to learn to ride a bike.【真正的賓語】 我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)騎自行車不太容易。
(4)在but,except等表示"除了…"之意的介詞前,若有動詞do的某種形式,介詞后作賓語的不定式常省略to。
例句:He does everything except go to school. 他怎么也不去上學(xué)。
二.常見省略to的動詞不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)。
had better do sth. 最好做某事 would rather do sth. 寧愿做某事
cannot but do sth.只好做某事 do nothing but do sth. 只好做某事
why(not) do sth.? 為什么(不)做某事
三.動詞不定式作賓語。常接動詞不定式作賓語的動詞。
would like / want to想要 agree to 同意 afford to 負(fù)擔(dān)得起 hope / wish to 希望
decide to 決定 promise to 承諾 continue to 繼續(xù) expect to 期望 refuse to 拒絕
四.動詞不定式作賓語補足語。常接動詞不定式作賓語補足語的動詞。
tell sb. to do sth. 告訴某人做某事 warn sb. to do sth. 警告某人做某事
invite sb. to do sth. 邀請某人做某事 allow sb. to do sth. 允許某人做某事
expect sb. to do sth. 期望某人做某事 advise sb. to do sth.建議某人做某事
五."疑問詞+動詞不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)
動詞不定式可以與疑問代詞who,whom,what,which,whose及疑問副詞when,where,how等連用,構(gòu)成不定式短語,在句中作主語、表語、賓語、賓語補足語、同位語等。 例句:I didn't know how to get back to the village. 我不知道怎么回到村子。
Unit 6 I'm going to study computer science.
重點單詞和短語
①doctor【Dr.】 搭配:see a doctor看醫(yī)生 at the doctor's在診所 send for a doctor請醫(yī)生 例句:The doctor mixed her some medicine.醫(yī)生給她配了一些藥。
cook搭配:works as a cook當(dāng)廚師 cook meals做飯 例句:His dream is become to be a cook.他的夢想是成為一位廚師。
medicine(不可數(shù))搭配:take medicine服些藥 Chinese medicine中藥 mix some medicine配些藥
②be sure about 考點:后接名詞、代詞或動名詞,相當(dāng)于be sure of。be sure that和be sure of的主語是人,表示主語感到"有把握,確信"。be sure to do 的主語可以是人,也可以是物,表示說話者推測"一定;必定會"。 sure的主語可以是人或物,但是與其同義的certain的主語必須是物。 例句:He is sure about success.他自信會取得成功。
③make sure 考點:常用于祈使句中,表示請求或要求對方按照要求做某事,后面常接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句或of短語。例句:Make sure of our seats for the movie.我們訂好了電影院的座位了。
④college 辨析:college和university
搭配:engineering college工程學(xué)院 teacher's college師范學(xué)院
⑤send【sent】 搭配:send for派人去請 send off郵遞,發(fā)送 send out發(fā)送,
派遣 send up發(fā)射;把……送上去 send away開除,解雇 send sb. to do sth.派某人去做某事 例句:Just a moment. I'm sending a message. 稍等一會兒,我正在發(fā)送消息。 resolution 搭配:New Year's resolution新年規(guī)劃,新年愿望 come to(from,make,reach,take)a resolution下決心
⑥team 考點:team為集合名詞,用做主語時如果指整個隊或組,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式;如果指全體人員,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。搭配:team work協(xié)調(diào)工作 on the team在那個隊里(對隊的成員)
例句:Tom is taller than any other players in the school team.湯姆長得比校隊里其他隊員都高。
★典題:The team_____ (be) the best in the league match.
The football team ____ (be) having a bath.
★team側(cè)重整體,則表示單數(shù)意義;側(cè)重其中的個體,則其單數(shù)形式表示復(fù)數(shù)意義。 答案:is;are
foreign 搭配:foreign language外語foreign students留學(xué)生 【拓展】foreigner外國人: a foreigner with blue eyes藍眼睛的外國人
⑦be able to 辨析:be able to和can
例句:Will you be able to come? 你能來嗎?
★典題:I shall ____ attend the meeting tomorrow. A. can B. able C. be able
D. be able to ★can與be able to意義相同,但在助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后,用于句首表示條件,表示過去某時刻動作都只能用be able to。
⑧discuss 考點:discuss是及物代詞,后接賓語時不要按照漢語里的思維習(xí)慣加介詞。discuss后可接動名詞,其后通常不直接接不定式,但可以接有連接代詞、連接副詞引導(dǎo)的不定式。discuss后接whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,一般不接if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。 搭配:discuss sth. with sb.和某人討論某事 discuss doing sth.討論做某事 例句:Please come over to my office tomorrow morning to discuss our new plan.明天上午請到我辦公室討論我們的新計劃。
⑨promise 搭配:break a promise違背諾言break one's promise食言;不守諾言 keep a promise遵守諾言 make a promise許下諾言 promise to do sth. 答應(yīng)去做某事 promise sb. sth.答應(yīng)某人某事 例句:My father promised me to buy a bike as my birthday gift.我爸爸答應(yīng)我賣一輛自行車作為我的生日禮物。 --Promise me you won't tell anyone. 答應(yīng)我你不會告訴任何人。
--I promise. 我保證。
⑩beginning 搭配:at the beginning of 在……開頭 from the beginning在開始的時候起 be just the beginning = only the beginning只是開始 from beginning to end從開始到結(jié)束 例句:At the beginning of this term, I found it hard to learn math.這學(xué)期初,我覺得數(shù)學(xué)很難。
?improve 考點:主要指學(xué)識、水平、技能等方面的提高。improve意為"改善;提高",相當(dāng)于make/get better,不能與better連用。與in連用時意為"在……方面有改善" 搭配:improve on = improve upon改過;勝過 improve in在……方面有進步 improve sth. in sth.在…方面改善…… improve oneself in sth. 在……方面改善自我 相關(guān)詞語:improvement n. 提高 self-improvement自我改進,自我提高 例句:We hope that we are going to improve our lives.我們希望能提高我們的生活質(zhì)量。
?take up 考點:后接動名詞。例句:Many retired people take up gardening as a hobby.許多退休人員學(xué)著將園藝當(dāng)座愛好。
?weekly【adj.& adv.】相關(guān)詞語:daily adj. 每天的 monthly adj.每月的 yearly adj.每年的 例句:The newspaper is published twice weekly. 這份報紙每天出版兩次。
question 搭配:beyond all question不容懷疑 put a question to sb.向某人提問 out of question毫無疑問 out of the question不可能的
?own考點:用作名詞時,不能單獨形式名詞,常放在物主代詞或所有格之后,起加強語氣的作用。 own還強調(diào)"(某人合法地)擁有此物,因此主語一定是該物品的主人" 搭配:of one's own自己的;獨特的 on one's own獨自 例句:Every country has its own products.各國都有其自己特有的物產(chǎn)。
典題:They can wear____ clothes. A. themselves B. they own C. their own
答案:C ★one's own意為"某人自己的"。
?personal 搭配:personal taste個人品味 for personal use供個人使用
例句:Of course, this is just a personal opinion.當(dāng)然了,這只是個人意見。
?relationship 考點:-ship是名詞后綴,表示"……的關(guān)系"。
例句:China has good relationship whit most countries in the world.中國和世界上大多數(shù)國家關(guān)系良好。
名詞所有格
名詞的所有格表示人和物的所屬關(guān)系,意為"……(誰)的"
①所有格的分類和用法
1.'s由名詞后面加's或'構(gòu)成,多用來表示有生命的人或動物的所屬關(guān)系。
【注】若名詞已經(jīng)是是復(fù)數(shù)形式,詞尾又是s或es,只加'。
(1)用于有生命的物體后面。如:Mary's coat瑪麗的大衣 my sister' room我姐姐的房間 the ducks' food鴨食
【注】如果一樣的事物為兩人共有,則在后一個人名用所有格表示。如:Amy and Ann's mom 艾米和安的媽媽(如果出現(xiàn)在閱讀題中,則說明艾米和安是姐妹。)
如果不是兩人共有,而是各自的,則兩個的名詞都用所有格,且其后面的名詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:Amy's and Ann's mom 艾米的媽媽和安的媽媽(說明艾米和安不是是姐妹。)
(2)用于表示天體的名詞之后。如:the sun's heat太陽的熱量 the moon's surface 月球的表面
(3)用于時間、度量衡、貨幣、國家、自然現(xiàn)象等無生命的物體之后。如:ten minute's walk十分鐘的步行路程 today's newspaper今天的報紙 ten dollar's worth十美元的價值
(4)用于店鋪等名詞之后或表示某人的家時,用名詞所有格,且其后常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞。如:the bakery's面包店 my grandparents' 我爺爺奶奶的家
②of所有格
多用來表示沒有生命的物體或事物的所屬關(guān)系。如:a map of China一張中國地圖 the door of the house那所房子的門
③雙重屬格
即"of+名詞's"和"of+名詞性物主代詞",表示整體中的一個部分。如:
a friend of my father's(=one of my father's friends)我父親的一個朋友
one lovely baby of Mrs. Green's 格林太太的一個可愛的孩子
a friend of his他的一個朋友
Unit 7 Will people have robots?
①paper 考點:做紙時,是不可數(shù)名詞,表示"一張紙"時,應(yīng)用a piece of paper。意為"報紙;論文;試卷"時為可數(shù)名詞。 例句:Please give me a piece of paper and I want to copy the article in the evening paper.請給我一張紙,我想抄一下晚報上的這篇文章。
②future 辨析:in future和 in the future
③pollute【polluted被污染了】搭配:pollute…with… 用……污染…… pollute one's mind毒害某人的思想 environmental pollution環(huán)境污染 air(noise,water)pollute空氣(噪音,水)污染 例句:The river has been polluted by factory waste.這條河已經(jīng)被工業(yè)廢料污染了。
④environment【environmental 環(huán)境的】 例句:The room is the best environment to work in.這個房間是最佳的工作環(huán)境。
⑤earth 辨析:on earth和on the earth
搭配:on earth究竟;到底 come down(back)to earth回到現(xiàn)實
【用法解析】(1)意為"地球"時,其前加定冠詞;意為"大地"時,其前面有無定冠詞均可;意為"泥土"時其前面一般不加定冠詞。(2)on the earth 意為"在地球上;在世界上;在人間",多與in the sky相對應(yīng),主要是用于含有最高級的句子中。例如:I'm the luckiest man on earth.(我是世界上最幸運的人。)
⑥plan 辨析:plan和grow
例句:All the plants need water and light.所有的植物都需要水和陽光。 April is the time to plant trees.四月是種樹的時候。
⑦part搭配:play an important part in參于(某事)并起重要作用 a part of一部分 take (an active)part in(積極)參加 in part 部分地 on the part of…… 在……方面,就……而言 part from 和……分手 for one's part對某人來說
【用法解析】(1)part意為"一部分",常指全體中不特定的部分。與of連用時,通常不加冠詞。(2)用(a)part of……時,of之后的名詞若是單數(shù),則視為單數(shù);若為復(fù)數(shù), 則視為復(fù)數(shù)。
play a part 【例句】Everyone should play a part in saving the earth.在保護地球方面每個人都應(yīng)該發(fā)揮作用。同義:play a role參與;發(fā)揮作用
⑧peace【聯(lián)想】peaceful 和平的 搭配:at peace處于和睦狀態(tài) make peace言和,和解 in peace安靜地;和平地 例句:The dove is the symbol of peace.鴿子是和平的象征。 sea 搭配:by sea乘船 sea level海平面 go to sea出海;當(dāng)水手 go to the sea到海濱(度假) build搭配:build on/upon… 把……建立于 build up逐步建立,逐漸積聚;增進,增強【一言辯異】The builder asked him how to build the special building.那個建筑工人問他怎么建造這座特別的建筑。 sky搭配:in the sky在天空 under the open sky在戶外
⑨apartment搭配:share an apartment with sb.與某人共住一套公寓
rocket搭配:fire a rocket發(fā)射火箭 space rocket航天火箭
space 考點:作"太空"時,一般不與定冠詞連用。 搭配:in space在太空 time and space時間和空間 space station太空站;宇宙空間站 take up space占用空間例句:Our earth moves though space.我們的地球在太空中運行。
⑩human 【擴展】有時human還可以寫成human being,其復(fù)數(shù)形式是human beings 【例句】kier is a very human person.凱特是一個富有人情味的人。 A human can think and talk,but an animal cannot.人能說話和思考,但是動物不能。
?dangerous搭配:be dangerous to對……是危險的 is dangerous for sb. to do sth.做某事對某人來說有危險 in danger處于危險之中 dangerous man危險分子
辨析:dangerous和in danger
already 【用法】(1)already常用于完成時態(tài),多用于肯定陳述句中,通常位于系動詞、助動詞之后,實義動詞前。(2)already也用于疑問句句尾,但常表示驚奇或想得到肯定回答。辨析:already,still和yet
?believe 考點:在"I / We believe + 賓語從句"句型中,如果賓語從句表達的是否定意義,要否定主句而不是從句,這就是賓語從句中的"否定前移"。
搭配:believe in sb.信任某人 believe it or not 信不信由你 believe sb. / sth. 相信某人(的話),相信某事 【用法】(1)believe后可接名詞、代詞、從句、不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。(2)在簡略回答中,肯定回答用I believe so. ,否定回答用I don't believe so./ I don't believe not. (3)believe sb.指相信某人所說的話是真的;believe in sb. 指信任某人 例句:I believe what he said,but I don't believe in him.我相信他說的話,但我不信任這個人。
中考真題:--- I got a message saying my phone number won a prize worth $3000.
--To good to be true. Don't____ it. (寧波中考)
A. do B. hold C. make D. believe 答案:D
even 搭配:even if /though 即使,雖然 【用法】(1)用在比較級前用以加強語氣,意為"甚至;更"。(2)even if,even though可用做連詞,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。
?agree 搭配:agree with 同意;贊成 agree to do sth. 同意做某事 agree with……與……一致;(食物、氣候等)適合 agree on…… 對……取得一致意見
辨析:agree with ,agree to, agree on
hundreds of 考點:若表示一個不確定的數(shù),前面沒有具體數(shù)字時,其后要加-s,而且應(yīng)與of 連用,當(dāng)hundred前面有數(shù)字時,其后不加-s。【用法】hundreds of后接復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,hundred 前不能加具體的數(shù)字。相同用法的還有:thousands of,millions of。 例句:Hundreds of trees have been planted in our school this year.
今年我們學(xué)校種了幾百棵樹。
?fall 搭配:fall down 突然倒下;跌倒;倒塌 fall behind 落后,落在……后面
fall over向前摔倒 fall in love(with)(與……)相愛 fall off從……落下 fall to the ground落在地上
inside 搭配:from the outside to the inside 由表及里 反義詞:outside
【拓展】inside和in的區(qū)別:inside更強調(diào)被包圍的意義,語氣也比in強;表示位置的對比時,一般用inside。表示"在……內(nèi)側(cè)"時,一般也只用inside,不用in。
side搭配:by the side of…… 在……旁邊 side by side肩并肩地all sides各方面 at one's side在某人身旁 from all sides 從各個方面 from side to side左右地 on the other side of在……另一方面;在……對岸 take the side of sb.=take sides with sb. 支持某人
?possible搭配:as……as possible盡可能……;越……越好 if possible如果可能的話 every possible way每一個可能的辦法 【擴展】impossible 不可能存在或發(fā)生的;不可能的 【用法】以人或事作主語時,possible不能作表語與不定式連用,而應(yīng)以it作形式主語,構(gòu)成It is possible(for sb.)to do…… 或It is possible that……結(jié)構(gòu)。例句:The best way to learn English is to speak as much as possible.學(xué)英語最好的方法就是盡可能的說。
probably 【用法】(1)probably指事物在事實或邏輯的基礎(chǔ)上有理由會發(fā)生,但是這種情況既不肯定也沒有得到證實。(2)在句中的位置:可以位于句首、整個謂語之前、非實義動詞之后或者被修飾語之前。例句:It's probably the best movie I have ever seen.這大概是我看到過的最好看的電影。
?during 考點:during表示"在……期間",其長度明確、起止分明,后面連接精確說明時間長度的詞。【用法】during與表示一段時間特定時間的名詞連用,強調(diào)時間的延續(xù),可表示某段時間內(nèi)自始至終的狀態(tài)。
辨析:during和for
一般將來時
一般將來時是由"shall / will+動詞原形"或"am / is / are going to + 動詞原形"構(gòu)成。
1. "shall / will+動詞原形"表示客觀上將要發(fā)生的動作、勢必要發(fā)生的事情或臨時做出的打算。shall 一般用于第一人稱,will可以用于各種人稱。
例句: We will go boating on Sunday.周日我們將要去劃船。
2."shall / will+動詞原形"表示預(yù)料將要發(fā)生的動作或情況。
例句:As a report, I think I will meet lots of interesting people.作為一名記者,我想我會遇到很多有趣的人。
3."be going to +動詞原形"常用來表示按照計劃或決定要發(fā)生的事情。還可以表示說話者根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的現(xiàn)象或征兆"預(yù)測"不久即將要發(fā)生的事情。
例句:The play is going to be produced next month. 打算下個月把這部戲制作出來。 Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain. 看這些烏云。要下雨了。
4. go,come,leave,start,arrive等短暫性動詞,常用現(xiàn)在進行時表示按計劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動作。
例句:When are you leaving for London?你什么時候動身去倫敦?
Are you going anywhere tomorrow?你明天準(zhǔn)備去什么地方嗎?
Unit 8 How do you make a banana milk shake?
重點單詞和短語
①shake(shook、shaken)搭配:shake hands(with sb.)(與某人)握手 shake one's head搖頭 shake a bottle搖瓶子 milk shake奶昔 give sth. a shake 搖一下某物
例句:Shake the bottle before taking the medicine.服藥之前把瓶子搖一搖。
② turn on 辨析:turn on和open
典題:Mum wants to watch the CCTV news. Let's _____ the TV.
A. turn down B. turn on C. turn off
解析:依據(jù)句意可得:媽媽想打開電視,所以應(yīng)選turn on 打開 turn down意為"關(guān)小;拒絕",turn off意為"關(guān)上"。
③ pour 搭配:pour…into… 把……倒進……(通常是液體或粉末狀物)pour down流下;(雨)傾盆而下 pour out倒出;使流出;涌出;傾述;傾吐
例句:She poured wine into the glasses.她往玻璃杯中倒了葡萄酒。
spoon 搭配:a spoon of water一匙水 soup spoon湯匙
pot 搭配:a pot of tea 一壺茶 tea pot茶壺 coffee pot咖啡壺
④add 搭配:add to 使(數(shù)量)增加,使(規(guī)模)擴大 add up to總計;總共;合計達… add sth. to… 把某物加到……里 【用法】add 可以指添加某種具體的物質(zhì),如sugar,salt等;也可以指某種氣氛或氛圍,如pleasure等一些抽象詞。
例句:The fire is going out;will you add some wood?火快熄了,加些木材好嗎?
典題:The music ____ our enjoyment of the film. You must have made a mistake when you ____ the bill ____ . 答案:add to; added up ★add to意為"增加,增添(氣氛)";add up意為"(把……)加起來"
finally 【聯(lián)系】at last最后,最終
【擴展】finally常與at last換用,都可以用于對往事的描述,但finally不帶感情色彩,指一系列事情的最終結(jié)果。at last 多指經(jīng)主觀努力,克服各種困難后最終達到目的。in the end與at last同義,但in the end不僅可以指"過去"還可以指對"未來"的預(yù)計。
辨析:finally,at last和in the end
⑤dig(dug) 搭配:dig into插進;挖掘 dig up挖出;崛起 dig into sth.鉆研…… dig in 挖地埋入 例句:They dug deeper and deeper but still found nothing.他們越挖越深但仍然一無所獲。 A pig wants to dig a big hole.一頭豬想要挖一個大洞。
butter搭配:apple butter蘋果醬 peanut butter花生醬 spread butter on bread在面包上涂黃油
piece 考點:可以用piece的單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式來表示不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量。例如:a piece of advice(一個忠告),two pieces of bread兩片面包 搭配:a piece of 一張 / 片 / 快…… piece by piece逐漸地 break into piece碎成碎片
traditional 搭配:traditional Chinese medicine中藥traditional culture傳統(tǒng)文化
celebrate celebration n. 慶祝 辨析:celebrate和congratulate
例句:Many countries celebrate World Book Day.許多國家慶祝世界讀書日。
典題:We all _____ Jessica on her winning the first prize in the writing competition.
A. celebrate B. congratulate C. great
★congratulate sb. on (doing)sth. "意為祝賀某人(做)某事";celebrate后接節(jié)日或物。 答案:B
mix 搭配:mix up攪和 mix…with… 把……和……混合 例句:First,mix together some bread piece,onions,salt and pepper. 首先,把一些面包片、洋蔥、鹽和胡椒粉混在一起。
⑦fill 搭配:be filled with… 被……裝滿;充滿…… fill in 填寫,填充 fill…with… 用……把……裝滿;用……裝滿……
圖解:
cover 搭配:be covered with… 被……覆蓋 cover sth. with… 用……蓋住某物
cover one's face捂住臉 【聯(lián)系】cover vt. 采訪 反義詞 uncover vt. 揭開
典題: A bite of China 2 includes eight episodes. It ___ the stories of more than 150 people and over 300 types of food. A. finds B. proves C. covers D. imagines
解析:句意:《舌尖上的中國 第二季》包括八集。涉及了150多人的故事和300多種食物。由句意可知cover"涉及,包括"符合句意。find 意為找到,proves意為"證明"; imagines意為"想象"。 答案:C
⑧serve 【service n. 服務(wù):free service 】 搭配:sever sb. sth. = sever sth. to sb.提供某人某物【用法】serve為及物代詞,表示"為某人服務(wù)"時,不能加for而應(yīng)該用serve sb. 表示即可。
temperature 考點:通常是可數(shù)名詞,有時表示抽象的意義,也可以做不可數(shù)名詞。表示"高燒"時,是可數(shù)名詞,通常用單數(shù)(與不定冠詞連用)。
搭配:have / run a temperature發(fā)燒 take one's temperature量體溫 例句:The food must be kept at low temperature. 這種食物必須在低溫環(huán)境下保存。
語法歸納
名詞的修飾語
數(shù)量名詞修飾語
數(shù)量名詞修飾語置于名詞之前,用來說明名詞數(shù)或量的多少、大小等。
①只修飾可數(shù)名詞
②只修飾不可數(shù)名詞
③即可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞
二.單位詞修飾語
①單位詞修飾語主要用于一些表示單位的詞來描述名詞的度量、容量、集體、形狀等。【結(jié)合Unit 5 ①】
a cup of coffee一杯咖啡 two tons of coal兩噸煤 a piece of bread一片面包 a sum of money 一筆錢
②提問可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量用how many,提問不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量用how much。
例:How much sweets do we need?我們需要多少糖?
How many apples do you have?你有幾個蘋果?
Unit 9 Can you come to my party?
重點單詞和短語
①prepare 【聯(lián)系】preparation n. 準(zhǔn)備 in preparation 在準(zhǔn)備中 搭配:prepare for 為……做準(zhǔn)備 prepare to do準(zhǔn)備做……
例句:----What do you think of your school?你認(rèn)為你們學(xué)校怎么樣?
---It's a good place for us to prepare ourselves for the future.那是一個為我們未來做準(zhǔn)備的地方。
exam(= examination) 考點:是可數(shù)名詞,表示為"一次考試"時,其前面應(yīng)用不定冠詞an。 搭配:take an exam考試 pass an exam通過考試 entrance exam 入學(xué)考試 exam paper考卷 final exam期末考試
hang考點:當(dāng)意為"懸掛;下垂"時,其過去式、過去分詞是hung;hang還可以意為"絞死",其過去式、過去分詞是hanged。搭配:hang out閑逛;常去某處 hang on(打電話時)不掛斷,等到片刻 hang up掛斷(電話);推遲;暫停;懸掛;掛起 hang around / out閑蕩 hang together(人)團結(jié),齊心協(xié)力;(言語等)一致,相符 例句: Often, the person who wants to hang up gives an excuse. 通常想掛掉電話的人都會找個借口。
catch (caught)考點:catch you常用于口語中,意為"再見"。 搭配:catch
up with趕上(或超過) be caught in 遭遇…… ,被困在catch hold of抓住,握住 catch a cold得感冒 例句:He caught a cold and got up so late that he didn't catch the bus.他感冒了,起床太晚了,以至于沒有趕上公交車
accept 辨析:accept和receive
例句:He receive the present,but I don't think he accepted it.他雖然收到了禮物,但我認(rèn)為他并不愿意接受。
refuse 相當(dāng)于 turn down搭配:refuse to do sth.拒絕做某事 refuse sb. sth.拒絕某人某事
look after考點:表示好好照顧時,look after用副詞well修飾;而take care of用形容詞good修飾。 搭配:take care of照料,照顧 例句:I can look after myself well.= I can take good care of myself. 我能好好照顧自己。
③reply 搭配:reply to 回答 reply for sb.代表某人回答,代表某人答謝祝酒 make no reply 不作回答 in reply (to)… 為答復(fù)…… a reply from sb. 某人的答復(fù) 【用法】reply 為不及物動詞,后接賓語時,需接介詞to。
例句:He gave me no chance to reply to his question. 他沒有給我回答他的機會。
典題:He is looking forward to ____ the singer. A. meet B. meeting C. meets
答案: B ☆ to 是介詞,后接名詞、代詞或動詞-ing形式作賓語。
④forward 反義詞:backward 搭配:backward and forward來回;往復(fù) look forward to(doing)sth. 盼望;期待 forward letter轉(zhuǎn)寄郵件 【用法】look forward to結(jié)構(gòu)中的to為介詞,后接名詞或動名詞充當(dāng)賓語。英語中以介詞to結(jié)尾的動詞短語還有很多,應(yīng)當(dāng)注意此類短語。例句:I'm looking forward to living in the flat. 我盼望著住進新公寓。
delete 搭配:delete sth. from sth. 從……中刪除
print 搭配:in print已出版的;在印刷中 out of print已售完的,已絕版的
【擴展】print還可以作名詞,(printing n. 印刷)表示"印刷;印制品;出版物":a book out of print不再出版的書
⑤sad 【聯(lián)系】upset失落的 sadness n.悲傷 disappointed失望的 例句:When my parents arrived at the hospital,they were shocked and sad.當(dāng)我的父母來到醫(yī)院的時候,他們又震驚又悲傷。
hear from【聯(lián)系】hear from sb.收到某人的來信 write to sb.寫信給某人
【用法】(1)hear from意為"接到(某人的)信、電話等",但是其后面的賓語不能是letter,phone,而要用賓語代詞。 (2)要注意區(qū)分與hear of的不同。hear of意為"聽說"。 例句:I hear from my pen pal once a month.我一個月收到筆友的來信。
without 反義詞:with 搭配:do without沒有……(也湊合)例句:They left without saying goodbye.他們沒有告辭就走了。
典題: We shouldn't go to school _____ breakfast. It's bad for our healthy.
A. with B. after C. without 答案:C
⑥surprised 搭配: be surprised at sth. 對……感到意外 【拓展】surprise n.& v.
surprising adj. 令人驚訝的
opening 搭配:celebrate the opening慶祝開幕 opening speech開幕詞
concert 搭配:at a concert在音樂會上 give a concert舉行音樂會
event 搭配:at all events無論如何 in the event結(jié)果,從頭來 in the event of sth.如果發(fā)生某事 world event世界大事 team event團體賽 例句:It's easy to be wise after the event. 【諺語】事后諸葛亮容易當(dāng)。
guest 搭配:special guest貴賓 invited guest被邀請的客人,請來的客人 【擴展】host主人 hostess女主人
calendar搭配:full calendar排的很滿的日程表 on the calendar日程上
必備句型
①Oh,but Sam isn't leaving until next Wednesday. 哦,但是山姆直到下個星期三才離開。
考點:until在此句型中做介詞,意為"到……時;直到……為止"。特別注意,當(dāng)用于肯定句中,表示句子的動作一直持續(xù)到until短語所表示的時間為止,句中的謂語動詞必須是持久性動詞,如:live,wait,last等。
He worked until 11.他一直工作到11點。(work是延續(xù)性動詞)
He did not do to bed until 11.他直到11點才睡覺。(go to bed是非延續(xù)性動
詞短語)
②表示邀請的常用句型
考點:Would you like / love to…?你愿意嗎?
I hope you can… 我希望你能……
Can you…… ?你能……?(用于熟人,比較隨便)
I'd / We'd like to invite…… 我/我們想邀請……
情態(tài)動詞can 表示邀請
情態(tài)動詞can除了表示能力、許可或猜測外,還可以用于表示邀請。情態(tài)動詞can表示邀請的用法如下:
(1)當(dāng)情態(tài)動詞can發(fā)出邀請時,要用其一般疑問句句式,其句式為:
Can+主語+動詞原形+其他?
Can you come to my party?那你來參加我的聚會嗎?
(2)當(dāng)用情態(tài)動詞can發(fā)出邀請時,其回答分成兩類。一類表示接受邀請,另一類表示拒絕邀請。
1.常見的表示接受邀請的句式:
Sure, I'd love to. 當(dāng)然,我很樂意 Yes,I'd love to. 是的,我很樂意
Sure,I think he / she / they will. 當(dāng)然我想他/ 她/ 他們會的。
2.常見的表示拒絕的回答:
Sorry,I'm not available. 對不起,我沒空。
I'm sorry. I'm not free this weekend. I have to prepare for the test.對不起,我這個周末沒空。我不得不準(zhǔn)備考試。
I'd love to come, but I afraid I can't. I must study for a test.我很樂意,但是恐怕我不能。我必須為考試而學(xué)習(xí)。
★在"Can/Could I /you"句型中。could 不是代表過去,而是表示委婉的請求,但是答語只能用can。
例:Could you help me work out the problem?你能幫我做出這道題嗎?
--- Yes,I can.是的,可以。
Unit 10 If you go to the party. You will have a good time!
重點單詞和短語
①meeting 搭配:have a meeting開會 hold a meeting舉行會議 at the meeting在會上 call a meeting召集會議
video 搭配:video camera攝像機 video chat視頻聊天
organize 【聯(lián)系】organize v. 組織;籌備organized adj. 有組織的 organization n. 組織;機構(gòu) organizer n. 組織者 搭配:organize one's work安排工作 organize one's ideas打腹稿;使思想條理化 例句:The organizer is organizing an organized organization. 這位組織者正在組織一個有組織的組織。
upset 搭配:be upset with sb. 生某人的氣 be upset abut / over / at… 因……難過
be upset abut / over / at sth. 對某事難過(生氣) 【擴展】upset還可以作動詞,表示"打亂;使心煩"。如:The bad news upset him.壞消息使他心煩。
advice 搭配:a piece of advice一條建議 give sb. some advice (on sth.)給某人在某方面提出勸告 accept/ follow/ take sb.'s advice接受某人的建議;聽從勸告 ask sb. for advice請教某人 at the advice of …… 在……的勸告下
【拓展】advice和suggestion的區(qū)別:advice 為不可數(shù)名詞,而suggestion為可數(shù)名詞,復(fù)數(shù)形式為suggestions。
②travel 搭配:travel agency旅行社 business 出差 travel by train乘火車旅行
【拓展】①traveler旅行者 ②travel和trip的區(qū)別:travel泛指旅行的行為而不指某次具體旅行,多指到遠(yuǎn)方做長期旅行,不強調(diào)直接目的地,單、復(fù)數(shù)均可用。trip普通用詞,多用于口語,常指為公務(wù)或游玩作的較短暫的旅行。
unless 【用法】unless是從屬連詞,引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句,含有否定意義,相當(dāng)于if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句的否定形式。 unless,if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句和其他時間狀語從句一樣,用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。例句:They will lose the game unless they try their best.如果不盡力的話,他們會輸?shù)舯荣惖摹?/p>
normal 搭配:it's normal to do sth.做某事很正常 quite normal很正常
例句:I think that is normal. 我認(rèn)為那很正常。
wallet 【聯(lián)系】wallet 錢包 handbag手提包 purse(女式)錢包
③angry 考點:be angry表示"生氣(狀態(tài))";get angry表示"發(fā)怒(動作)"
anger n. 生氣 搭配:be angry at / about sth. 因為某事而生氣 be angry with sb. 生某人的氣 例句:I am angry because he hadn't told me his plan.因為他沒有告訴我他的計劃。
understanding【聯(lián)系】misunderstanding n.誤會 考點:比較級是more understanding,最高級是 most understanding搭配:have an / no understanding of sth. 對某事有/沒有一定的了解 come to /reach an understanding達成協(xié)議
careful 【聯(lián)系】反義詞:careless adj. 粗心的,不小心的 carefully adv. 小心地;細(xì)致地 搭配:be careful about當(dāng)心,注意 be careful of注意,當(dāng)心 be careful with… 對……細(xì)心/認(rèn)真 be careful (not)to do sth.小心(不)去做某事
例句:Be careful when you are cycling.騎自行車的時候要小心。 Mike isn't as careful as Amy. He often makes mistake in his writing.麥克沒有艾米那么認(rèn)真。他的作文經(jīng)常出錯。
mistake 搭配:by mistake錯誤地,無意地 make a mistake犯錯 correct a mistake糾正錯誤 in mistake for sb. / sth. (被)誤認(rèn)為是某人/某物
④advise 搭配:advise sb. to do sth.建議某人做某事 advise doing sth. 建議做某事 advise sb. about/on sth.在某方面給某人建議
solve 辨析:solve和answer
例句:Can you help me solve the problem?你能幫我解決問題嗎?
step 【擴展】step還可以用作動詞,表示"邁步,行走":step back后退一步。
搭配:step by step逐步地 take the first step踏出第一步take the first step to do sth.采取措施做某事 in step 同步,合拍 out of the step不合拍的,不協(xié)調(diào)的 step in 涉足;進入;干涉 follow sb.'s steps步某人的后塵 例句:That's one small step for a man,one giant leap for mankind.對于一個人來說,這只是一小步。但對于人類來說,這卻是巨大的一步。
⑤trust 搭配:trust in sb. 相信某人 trust sb. to do sth.放心托付某人做某事
experience 考點:做"經(jīng)驗"時,是不可數(shù)名詞;做"經(jīng)歷"時,是可數(shù)名詞。
搭配:have experience in… 在……方面有經(jīng)驗 learn by/from/through experience從經(jīng)驗中學(xué)到
else 搭配:or else否則 nobody else別無他人 something else別的東西
必備句型
Unless we talk to someone,we'll certainly feel worse.
從句,一般將來時 主句,一般將來時
如果我們不與人交談,我們必定會感到更糟。
考點:unless是具有否定意義的從屬連詞,意為"除非;如果不"。可與if…not互換,但unless語氣較強。unless可引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句,從句的謂語動詞一般是用肯定形式,而且從句常用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來的動作,而主句則多用一般將來時。unless本身就含有否定意義,因此不能與not連用。
if引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句
if意為"如果;假如",用于引導(dǎo)一個條件狀語從句,表示條件。
一. if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句在句中的位置比較靈活,可以放在主語之前并用逗號隔開,也可以放在主語之后。
例句:If he invites me,I will go.=I will go if he invites me.如果他邀請我,我就去。
二.if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句和條件狀語從句的區(qū)別:
例句:I want to know if he is a teacher. 我想知道他是否是一位老師。
賓語從句
I'll go to see you if I'm free.如果我有空,我就去看你。
條件狀語從句